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1.
Rev. Fac. Med. Hum ; 22(4): 789-795, octubre-diciembre 2022.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1401408

RESUMO

Introducción: El tratamiento biológico es una alternativa para manejar la colitis ulcerativa en pacientes refractarios al tratamiento convencional. Objetivo: Evaluar el tratamiento biológico en pacientes con colitis ulcerativa refractarios al tratamiento convencional en un hospital de 3er nivel de atención. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal en pacientes con colitis ulcerativa refractarios al tratamiento convencional y que recibieron tratamiento biológico. Las cortes se evaluaron en tres momentos: estado basal (sin terapia biológica), a los seis y doce meses de inicio del tratamiento biológico. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para la caracterización de la población en general, posteriormente los tres puntos de corte se describieron con sus respectivas variables. Resultados: Se incluyeron 18 pacientes con edad media de 41,2 años. Las evaluaciones, en un estado basal, a los seis y 12 meses; demostraron presencia de sangre en las evacuaciones y dolor abdominal en 94,4%, 22,2% y 11,1% respectivamente, concentración de hemoglobina >10,5 g/dl en 50%, 83,3% y 88,9%; concentración sérica de albúmina >3,2 g/dl en 72,2%, 83,3% y 88,9% y escala visual endoscópica de Mayo 38,9%, 33,3% y 16,7% presentaron Mayo 2 y 61,1%, 16,7% y 1,7% Mayo 3. La actividad histológica en la evaluación basal llego hasta un nivel severo (11,1%), mientras que en evaluaciones a seis y 12 meses llegaron hasta moderada en un 55,6% y 27,8% respectivamente. Conclusiones: La terapia biológica en pacientes con colitis ulcerativa refractaria demostró mejoría en manifestaciones clínicas, bioquímicas, endoscópicas e histológicas. No se registró remisión profunda de la enfermedad, ni reacciones adversas al tratamiento.


Background: Biological treatment is currently used as an alternative for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in patient's refractory to conventional treatment. Objective: To evaluate biological treatment in patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to conventional treatment in a 3rd level care Hospital. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal study was carried out in patients with UC who were refractory to conventional treatment and who received biological treatment. The variables were evaluated in 3 moments: basal state (without biological treatment), at six and twelve months from the start of biological treatment. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize general population, later the 3 states mentioned above were described with their respective variables. Results: Eighteen patients with a mean age of 41.2 years were included. Evaluations at baseline and at 6 and 12 months showed: presence of blood in stools and abdominal pain in 94.4%%, 22.2% and 11.1% respectively; hemoglobin concentration >10.5 g/dl in 50%, 83.3% and 88.9%; serum albumin concentration >3.2 g/dl in 72.2%, 83.3% and 88.9%; the visual Mayo endoscopic scale 38.9%, 33.3% and 16.7% presented Mayo 2 and 61.1%, 16.7% and 1.7% Mayo 3. The histological activity in the baseline evaluation reached a severe level (11.1%), while in evaluations at 6 and 12 months they reached moderate in 55.6% and 27.8% respectively. Conclusions: Biological therapy as a treatment in patients with ulcerative colitis showed improvement in clinical, biochemical, endoscopic and histological manifestations, so far none with deep remission of the disease, no adverse reactions to treatment have been presented.

2.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 42: e14, 2018. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-961744

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the characteristics of clients at an HIV clinic in Mexico City who fail to collect their HIV test results and to explore the reasons for non-collection. Methods This was an exploratory, cross-sectional study that used 2016 program data from the HIV Testing and Counseling Center in Mexico City. Clients with a negative HIV-test result in 2016 were classified as collectors or non-collectors, and their sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics were compared by multivariate logistic regression. A telephone survey was conducted with individuals who failed to return for their results. Results In 2016, a total of 729 individuals obtained an HIV negative test result at the Center. Of these, 40% (n = 299) failed to collect results. In multivariate analysis, having a test requested by a physician, instead of by the individual, was the main variable associated with non-collection. The main reasons reported for not collecting were: unawareness of the collection process (23.6%, n = 21), already knowing the result (22.5%, n = 20), and scheduling difficulties (13.5%, n = 12). In all, 35% of clients were reached by telephone and 50% then returned to collect results. Conclusion Modifications to the result-delivery system are needed to increase results collection. Improving communication with clients on the collection process and with physicians that request HIV testing could be viable strategies. Alternative ways of delivering results and using rapid HIV are other possible solutions, as long as risk reduction counseling and intervention are still effectively offered.


RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar las características de las personan que acuden a un consultorio de atención de la infección por el VIH en Ciudad de México y no regresan a retirar los resultados de las pruebas de detección del VIH, y explorar las razones de este comportamiento. Métodos Este fue un estudio exploratorio y transversal que usó datos del programa correspondientes al 2016 de un centro de pruebas de detección del VIH y asesoramiento conexo en Ciudad de México. Se clasificó a las personas con resultado negativo en la prueba de detección del VIH en dos grupos, las que "retiraron los resultados" y las que "no retiraron los resultados"; sus características sociodemográficas y conductuales fueron comparadas mediante regresión logística multifactorial. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica a las personas que no regresaron a buscar sus resultados. Resultados En el 2016, 729 personas tuvieron un resultado negativo en la prueba de detección del VIH en el centro. De ellas, 40% (n = 299) no acudieron a retirar los resultados. En el análisis multifactorial, la variable principal asociada con el hecho de no acudir a buscar los resultados fue que la prueba hubiera sido solicitada por un médico, en vez de que la persona hubiera acudido por sí misma a realizársela. Las principales razones informadas para no presentarse a buscar los resultados fueron: desconocimiento de que debían ir a buscarlos (23,6%, n = 21), conocimiento previo del resultado (22,5%, n = 20) y problemas de horarios (13,5%, n = 12). En total, se logró contactar por teléfono a 35% de las personas y 50% luego acudieron a retirar los resultados. Conclusiones Es necesario modificar el sistema de entrega de resultados para aumentar el número de personas que acuden a retirarlos. Algunas estrategias viables podrían ser mejorar la comunicación sobre el mecanismo de entrega de resultados con los pacientes y los médicos que solicitan las pruebas de detección del VIH. Otras soluciones posibles podrían ser mecanismos alternativos para informar los resultados o realización de pruebas rápidas de detección del VIH, siempre que se siga ofreciendo asesoramiento sobre la reducción de riesgos e intervenciones eficaces.


RESUMO Objetivo Identificar as características dos pacientes de um serviço ambulatorial especializado em HIV na cidade do México que não voltam para buscar os resultados do teste do HIV e examinar os motivos para não voltarem para buscar os resultados. Métodos Estudo exploratório transversal realizado com dados de 2016 obtidos em um centro de testagem e aconselhamento de HIV na cidade do México. Os pacientes com resultados negativos no teste de HIV em 2016 foram divididos entre dois grupos: os que voltaram para buscar os resultados e os que não voltaram para buscar os resultados. As características sociodemográficas e de comportamento destes pacientes foram comparadas em um modelo de regressão logística multivariada. Uma pesquisa por telefone foi realizada com os que não voltaram para buscar os resultados do teste. Resultados Ao todo, em 2016, 729 pacientes tiveram resultados negativos no teste de HIV no serviço ambulatorial. Destes, 40% (n = 299) não voltaram para buscar os resultados. Na análise multivariada, ter o teste solicitado por um médico, em vez de pelo próprio indivíduo, foi a principal variável associada a não voltar para buscar os resultados. Os principais motivos informados para não voltar para buscar os resultados foram: desconhecimento do procedimento para buscar os resultados (23,6%, n = 21), saber previamente o resultado (22,5%, n = 20) e dificuldade para marcar um horário (13,5%, n = 12). Ao todo, 35% dos pacientes foram localizados por telefone e 50% voltaram para buscar os resultados. Conclusões É preciso modificar o sistema de informe dos resultados para aumentar o número de pacientes que voltam para buscá-los. Melhorar a comunicação com os pacientes sobre o processo de informe dos resultados e com os médicos que solicitam o teste de HIV poderia ser uma estratégia viável. Maneiras alternativas de informar os resultados e o uso do teste rápido de HIV são outras soluções possíveis, contanto que se continue a oferecer aconselhamento para redução dos riscos e intervenção.


Assuntos
Humanos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , HIV , Prevenção de Doenças , México
3.
Salud ment ; 34(3): 195-201, may.-jun. 2011. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-680600

RESUMO

The 2008 National Addictions Survey reports that dependence on alcohol consumption is higher in Mexico's rural and indigenous communities (10.6%) than in urban areas (9.5%), and that its consequences for the social and health environment are correspondingly greater. This is compounded by the marginalization and poverty of these regions and the scant resources available for dealing with health, particularly alcoholism. The study was carried out in the indigenous zone of El Mezquital in the state of Hidalgo. In this state, the National Addictions Survey (2008) reports that daily consumption is 1.4% and habitual consumption is 6.6% while the index of abuse and dependence is 6.8%, all of which are above the national mean of 0.8%, 5.3% and 5.5%, respectively. One of the consequences is having a mortality rate for hepatic cirrhosis of 40.2 for every 100 000 inhabitants, making this the area with the highest mortality rate from this cause in Mexico, which has an average rate of 26.3 cirrhosis-related deaths for every 100 000 inhabitants. The family is the most immediate group affected by the alcoholism of one of its members, which has severe implications for the psychological and physical health of the other members. Since little is known about the way families in Mexico's indigenous or rural zones deal with this problem, a research project was carried out to find out more about the situation. To this end, an ethnographic study was undertaken to identify the role of alcohol in everyday life and determine families' needs for support and the cultural challenges that must be overcome to undertake an intervention. The results of the ethnographic exploration showed that alcohol consumption is a deeply-ingrained custom in the community that provides group identity and solidarity, particularly for men. Its consumption is closely linked to work, particularly agricultural activities and construction. One important aspect was women's complaints that they did not know what to do about the consequences of excess alcohol consumption on the family's health and economy. In addition to this, a powerful patriarchal influence was identified that prevented women from seeking psychological assistance for the problem of alcohol abuse, which is essentially male. Poverty is one of the characteristics of the desert area of El Mezquital where this study was carried out. It constitutes yet another obstacle to seeking and requesting help, partly because of the adverse geographical conditions that limit transport. In addition to the scant transport services, there are communities in which the nearest health center is just over an hour's walk away. Moreover, families' scant resources are used to cover basic needs, ignoring both physical and mental health aspects. On the basis of an ethnographic study, an intervention program was linguistically and culturally adapted to provide support for families. This resulted in a specialized manual suitable for the region, designed to train health professionals to help relatives cope with a family member's excess consumption. This intervention was carried out between 2008 and 2009 and the results are presented in this study. Intervention model This brief intervention, based on the stress-coping-health model, is designed to help relatives find means of coping with their relatives' consumption in a more beneficial way for their health and to establish or strengthen support networks on the basis of their needs. Three coping styles have been documented: committed, tolerant and independent. The intervention consists of five steps that can be carried out in approximately five sessions. These involve: 1. Exploring family concerns; 2. Providing essential information on the effects of alcohol consumption; 3. Analyzing the coping styles used; 4. Exploring social support networks; and 5. Referring family members to specialized care, where necessary. Through these five stops, the intervention seeks to: a) Reduce the presence of physical and psychological symptomatology; b) Improve coping styles in a way that will benefit the relative's mental health and c) Reduce the presence of depressive symptomatology. Method Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the brief intervention on relatives of a person who consumes excess amounts of alcohol and to compare these results with relatives who, despite having the same problem, refused to participate in the intervention program. Procedure: the intervention was carried out by two psychologists (facilitators). Health center personnel referred relatives to the facilitators (group that experienced the intervention). The intervention ended when the women felt confident enough to be able to use the new coping styles, which took between 4 and 6 sessions (which lasted from 6 to 8 weeks). The <

El consumo de alcohol en la región indígena del Estado de Hidalgo representa un problema de salud importante. Según la ENA 2008, el consumo diario es de 1.4%, el consuetudinario de 6.6% y el índice de abuso y dependencia de 6.8%, todos por encima de la media nacional de 0.8, 5.3 y 5.5%, respectivamente. Hidalgo presentó en 2007 una tasa de mortalidad por cirrosis hepática de 40.2 por cada 100 000 habitantes, primer lugar del país, que en promedio tiene una tasa de 26.3 habitantes por cada 100 000. La familia es el grupo más inmediato que se ve afectado por el consumo de alcohol, con implicaciones graves para la salud psicológica y física de sus miembros. Para conocer cómo enfrentan esta situación las familias en zonas indígenas del Estado de Hidalgo, se llevó a cabo un estudio etnográfico donde se encontró que el consumo de alcohol es una costumbre arraigada en la comunidad, que proporciona identidad y solidaridad de grupo. Un resultado relevante del estudio fue la queja de las mujeres de no saber qué hacer frente a las consecuencias que tiene el consumo excesivo de alcohol en la familia, así como la fuerte influencia patriarcal que limita a las mujeres para solicitar apoyo psicológico. La pobreza, las difíciles condiciones geográficas, transportes insuficientes y la prioridad de resolver necesidades básicas limitan la búsqueda de apoyo profesional. Como resultado de la exploración etnográfica, se identificó la necesidad de atención a las familias para encontrar mejores formas de enfrentar la problemática; por ello se adaptó un programa para ofrecer acciones de apoyo a familias indígenas. La intervención se llevó a cabo entre 2008 y 2009, los resultados se presentan en este trabajo. Modelo de atención: La intervención breve tiene como meta ayudar a los familiares a encontrar formas de enfrentar las situaciones de consumo de manera más benéfica para su salud y establecer o fortalecer redes de apoyo. Consta de cinco pasos: 1. Escuchar la problemática del familiar, 2. Brindar información relevante, 3. Analizar los estilos de enfrentamiento utilizados, 4. Búsqueda de fuentes de apoyo y 5. Canalización en caso de requerir atención especializada. Éstos se llevan a cabo en aproximadamente cinco sesiones. Material y método Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la intervención breve sobre la presencia de sintomatología física y psicológica, los estilos de enfrentamiento utilizados y la presencia de sintomatología depresiva, en personas que conviven con un familiar con consumo excesivo de alcohol. Muestra: 60 mujeres entre 18 y 65 años con problemas por el consumo de alcohol de un familiar (esposo o padre). Se integraron dos grupos, uno con intervención y otro sin ella. Para formar el primero, el personal de los centros de salud canalizó a los familiares con las orientadoras (dos psicólogas) para recibir atención, que concluía una vez que las mujeres manifestaban confianza para utilizar nuevos estilos de enfrentamiento, lo que ocurrió entre las sesiones cuatro y seis. El <

4.
Salud ment ; 29(4): 55-62, Jul.-Aug. 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-985967

RESUMO

resumen está disponible en el texto completo


Abstract: Background Depression is a frequent condition in pregnancy, at least as frequent as it is among non-pregnant women. Studies on its prevalence show rates from 2% to 21% of major depression and 8% to 31% of depressive symptomatology. In Mexico, a prevalence of 22% has been estimated on the basis of a self-report scale. Risk factors for depression in pregnancy include previous history of depression, parental separation during childhood, single mother-hood, not wishing to be pregnant, lack of social support and low educational attainment. Objective Due to the consequences of depression on pregnancy and to the scarce studies available in Mexico, the aim of this study was to examine the presence of depression in pregnant women as well as the risk factors associated with the latter. Material and methods Three hundred pregnant women receiving ante-natal care were interviewed in the waiting rooms of three institutions (one third level hospital, a health center and a clinic specializing in women). The instrument included a scale of depression (CES-D) and the following risk factors: previous depression symptoms, parental separation before the age of 11, possible depression and problem-atic alcohol consumption in expectant motliers parents, unplanned pregnancy and lack of social support. Results A total of 30.7% of the interviewees showed significant depressive symptomatology (CES-D > 16). Fifty-nine percent mentioned having suffered from depressive symptomatology in the past. Some degree of disability in the past month was reported by 19% of those that mentioned depression symptoms. The mean number of days they stopped performing their everyday activities was 11.21 (SD = 10.68) with a range of 1 to 30 days. Seven women (21.2%) stated that they could not engage in their activities because of their depression every single day of the past month. As for suicidal ideation at any time in their lives, the following symptoms were displayed: half said that they had thought a great deal about death, a quarter said that they had wanted to die, nearly a fifth had intended to take their own life and 7.7% had injured themselves in order to take their own lives. During the previous month, the frequency of these behaviors had considerably declined, almost to zero, and only "thinking frequently about death" was common (18%). The variables associated with depression symptoms (CES-D) were: previous symptoms of depression (t = -4-40, p > 0.000), separation from the father before the age of 11 (t = -2.68; p > 0.008), possible depression in mother (t = -3.24, p > 0.001), possible depression in father (t = -2.41, p > 0.016), problematic alcohol consumption in father (t= -2.23, p > 0.040), unplanned pregnancy (t=-2.43, p>0-015), lack of emotional social support (t = 2.87, p > 0.005) and lack of practical social support (t = 2.94, p > 0.005). The evaluation of a risk model of these factors on depressive symptomatology through logistic regression (with the step-by-step method) showed that the following variables were significant: possible depression in the mother (of the expec-tant mother) which increases the risk of displaying depression in pregnancy 0.8 times, previous depressive symptomatology, which increases it 1.08 times, lack of practical social support, which increases it 1.71 times and not having a partner, which increases it 1.51 times. Discussion and conclusions The results, as regards mental health, showed that depressive symptoms occured in nearly a third of pregnant women; this percentage is higher than the 22% found in Mexico in previous studies. Although this symptomatology does not necessarily meet the criteria for major depression, it has been considered to be of sufficient clinical importance, as it has been associated with disability, psychiatric and physical co-morbidity; demand for treat-ment for and risk of future depression and in this case, with post-partum depression. A fifth of the subjects displayed more serious symptomatology in terms of disability, as the women mentioned not being able to engage in their everyday activities, working or studying. The mean number of days in which they were unable to carry out their activities was eleven during the previous month. This data suggests that this population with greater pathology should be detected and referred for specialized mental care by antenatal care services. Suicidal ideation during the previous month decreased considerably, in comparison with that reported at any time in theit lives, which agrees with reports that state that self-damaging behaviors and suicide attempts tend to be very low during pregnancy. As for pathological antecedents, 59% considered that they had suffered from depressive symptomatology in the past, in addition to having experienced suicidal ideation to varying degrees. It is significant that nearly 8% had previously attempted suicide. Both, previous depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation in the past, were associated with current depression symptoms in the expectant mother, as has been reported in other countries. Unplanned pregnancy was also related to depression (CES-D). As literature suggests, not wishing to be pregnant is related to this disorder and although not planning a pregnancy is not synonymous with not wishing for it, according to these data, lack of planning also increases depressive symptoms. Among childhood situations, parental separation or loss of the father before the age of 11 was a significant variable as regards symptomatology in pregnancy; this was similar to what other authors have reported. Separation from the mother was not related to these symptoms, contrary to what other studies have reported in both pregnant and non-pregnant women. Adversity in childhood in the form of parents' mental pathology or substance use has been associated with depression among the general population. The results obtained here show a significant relationship between problematic alcohol consumption in the father and possible depression in the mother or father -as perceived by the interviewee herself- and depression symptoms in the expectant mother. During pregnancy and above all, post-partum, women have a real need to receive both emotional and practical support. This study, like others showed that the lack of this support increased the risk of depression. The construction of a model with some of these variables showed that being a single or divorced mother, having had a mother who may have been depressed, having displayed depressive symptoms in the past and the lack of practical support increased the risk of depressive symptomatology. By way of a conclusion, one can say that although there are similarities between depression in pregnancy and at other moments in women's lives, its presence during this period is particu-larly important due to the new demands the woman has to cope with and the adverse effects it has on the development of pregnancy, and the high risk of experiencing depression during the post-partum. Designing intervention programs for expectant mothers could have an enormous effect on improving the mental health of mothers and their babies, a reason why it is important to take into account the risk factors described in this study.

5.
Salud ment ; 28(4): 40-48, jul.-ago. 2005.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-985904

RESUMO

resumen está disponible en el texto completo


Summary Background: Between 1% and 1.5% of the world population is affected by schizophrenia. In Mexico, it has been estimated that between 619,550 and 1,239,101 (1-2%) individuals suffered from schizophrenia in 2000. The condition is more common among male teenagers and young adults. The main features of schizophrenia are the positive and negative symptoms closely associated with a psychosocial functioning impairment. In addition, between 25% and 80% of the psychiatric population uses addictive substances, with alcohol, at 50%, being one of the most highly used. These substances use is closely associated with a poor psychosocial functioning; when alcohol use is accompanied by schizophrenia, psychosocial functioning is even more disrupted. In the last few years, it has been shown that an early reinsertion of schizophrenic individuals into their social and familial environment causes a lesser degree of impairment in their psychosocial functioning. This functioning is evaluated through the acquisition of new skills to move about in familial, social and work environments. The latter is called psychosocial treatment. In this sense, psychosocial functioning is described as each individual's ability to adapt, function, move about and interact in a social and personal environment. This functioning evaluates the social, occupational, economic, sexual and familial areas. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the association between schizophrenic patients' psychosocial functioning according to their alcohol use and the severity of schizophrenia. Methodology: Eighty schizophrenic, psychiatrically stable, subjects were selected during a 14-month period of time. All of them were submitted only once to the Psychosocial Functioning Scale (PFS), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). These scales were used in order to confirm the schizophrenia diagnostic and its severity, to measure the psychosocial functioning of this population, to identify early on problems related to alcohol use and to perform an alcohol use/dependency diagnostic on those individuals who met such diagnostic criteria. A Chi squared, Mann-Whitney's U, the t test, Kruskal-Wallis and the one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis purposes. Results: Seventy-one percent of the subjects were males and 29% females; 87% were single and 70% were unemployed or had an informal job. Thirty-one years was the average age among males and 34 among females. Subjects started suffering schizophrenia when they were between 12 and 30 years (average: 23 years; SD: 6.36), and 94% of them started using alcohol while they were at this very same age range (average: 20 years; SD: 4. 98). Seventy-six percent of the subjects presented a schizophrenia evolution of less than ten years. Comparing alcohol use with psychosocial functioning according to the AUDIT, the social and familial were the more affected areas, both of which showed statistically significant differences. As to the period of evolution of schizophrenia and psychosocial functioning, the 16-20 year group was the one which showed less satisfaction. Schizophrenia severity did not show any statistical significance when compared to the type of alcohol use. Conclusion: Results from this research are similar to those from other Mexican and international studies which have found out that schizophrenia onset is more common during teenage, that more men than women are affected by the condition and that most subjects suffer it first when they are between 16 and 25 years. On the other hand, it has been found out that alcohol use is starting at increasingly early ages, with men being the main users. Such an association has lead many researchers to think that schizophrenia onset is highly associated with alcohol use, be it because the negative symptoms of schizophrenia promote the initial use of alcohol or because alcohol use triggers the early onset of schizophrenia. In this study it was not possible to prove such an hypothesis given the reduced number of subjects in the sample. This was not either the main objective of the study and given the fact that some other type of methodology is required to identify such an association. However, it is clear that there is a high non-diagnosed comorbidity between schizophrenia and alcohol use which, as a result, is not treated and translates, ultimately, into a bigger impairment of the psychosocial functioning. Among the scales employed, AUDIT is an excellent screening instrument to detect subjects at risk of becoming alcoholics and to identify incipient alcohol use patterns and the problems associated with it. Thus, it is suggested that it could be used both in first and third level hospitals. Finally, although no statistically significant results were found out in any of the variables, there is enough evidence where the association between schizophrenia and alcohol leads to an accumulated effect influencing the psychosocial functioning impairment. In the light of this, it is suggested that clinicians inquire about alcohol use in patients showing some mental pathology to research more in depth the schizophrenia-alcohol comorbidity phenomenon and its association with psychosocial functioning so as to design adequate prevention, treatment and rehabilitation programs for the schizophrenic population.

6.
Rev. saúde pública ; 39(4): 619-626, ago. 2005. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-412661

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Describir los caminos de atención seguidos por población adulta, que cubre los criterios diagnósticos de trastornos depresivos, distimia y trastorno bipolar. MÉTODOS: La información se obtuvo mediante una entrevista personal, utilizando un cuestionario estandarizado que incluía secciones del Composite International Diagnostic Interview sobre trastornos afectivos y una sección sobre utilización de servicios. Los entrevistados (n=1,486) fueron seleccionados a partir de una muestra aleatoria, estratificada según las variables socioeconómicas y multietápicas (manzanas, viviendas, individuos), residentes en la Ciudad de México. RESULTADOS: Un número importante de las personas con trastornos afectivos informaron recurrir tanto a servicios formales como informales de atención. Se observó que en muchos casos se estableció el primer contacto con un médico general (81 por ciento de los hombres con trastornos depresivos, 100 por ciento con distimia y 36 por ciento con trastornos bipolares; 44.4 por ciento de las mujeres con depresión, 23 por ciento con distimia y 100 por ciento con trastornos bipolares). Del mismo modo, se observó que el 45 por ciento de los hombres con depresión, el 40 por ciento de los varones con distimia y el 65 por ciento de las mujeres con trastorno bipolar concluyeron los caminos asistenciales con el uso de los recursos proporcionados por las medicinas alternativas. CONCLUSIONES: El uso entremezclado de diversos sistemas de atención cumple por lo menos dos funciones. 1) permite armar un conjunto de opciones potenciales y así maximizar los recursos curativos con los que se cuenta, 2) permite atender distintos aspectos de una misma enfermedad donde un sólo sistema médico no puede satisfacer la complejidad del evento.


Assuntos
População Urbana , Serviços de Saúde Mental , Transtornos do Humor , Áreas de Pobreza , Entrevistas como Assunto , Fatores Socioeconômicos
7.
Salud ment ; 28(2): 82-90, mar.-abr. 2005.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-985888

RESUMO

resumen está disponible en el texto completo


Abstract: In México, addictions among the middle- and high-school student population have been widely studied, which has shed light on certain risks associated with alcohol abuse, including a higher probability of expriencing with other drugs -particularly in the case of males-, engaging in risky sexual practices and attempting suicide, a situation that is twice as common among those who drink and drive. Nevertheless, research on alcohol abuse among the university population has been less explored, particularly as regards the identification of the variables that predict excessive alcohol consumption. A review of the international literature on factors associated with alcohol abuse in this type of population indicates that it is among university students that high or explosive consumption tends to be largest, even among young people who do not attend school, and that the period of higher consumption is between 17 and 21 years of age. Other factors that have been identified include exposure to negative life events, inappropriate coping styles, personality variables, resorting to alcohol to reduce tension, and environmental and socio-cognitive variables, foremost among which are expectations of the positive effects of alcohol. These expectations not only predict alcohol consumption but also differentiate between problem and non-problem drinking. For example, while social drinkers tend to harbor more social expectations when drinking alcohol, excessive drinkers expect alcohol to increase their aggressive and social behavior, while reducing stress or tension. This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of expectations regarding alcohol, in predicting alcohol abuse among students at public and private universities in Mexico City. Indicators of alcohol abuse include consumption of five or more drinks on each occasion, drunkenness during the past month and year as well as associated problems. The study also seeks to determine the way in which sub-scales of expectations interact with each other. An ex post facto transversal study was carried out on a sample of 678 university male and female students aged 17 to 25, with an average age of 20 (s.d. = 1.80). Participants were asked to complete a self-report which included the following areas: a) Sociodemographic data, b) Questionnaire on Expectations regarding Alcohol (AEQ), in a version adapted to this population and c) Alcohol consumption habits over the past month and year. As regards drinking habits, a comparative analysis was carried out by sex and age. Consumption of 5 or more drinks per occasions tends to be more common among men, while the consumption of 5 drinks or less is more frequent in women. At the same time, a higher proportion of heavy drinkers was concentrated in the 20 to 22 age range. Consumers of over 5 glasses of alcohol began drinking at an average age of 14 (s.d. = 2.55) whereas consumers of fewer than 5 drinks began drinking at the age of 15 (t= 4.79 , p < .001). In both cases, the means obtained from the indicators of abuse were highest among consumers of five or more drinks. Males take more drinks than women when they get drunk, consuming an average of 9 glasses (s.d. = 4.7) whereas women get drunk after an average of 5 glasses (s.d. = 3.2) (t= -10.80, p < .001). Out of a total of 26% of young people who mentioned having problems associated with their drinking, most were men (17.9%) as opposed to women (8.2%). The multiple regression analysis carried out to determine the impact of the sub-scales of AEQ expectations on alcohol abuse found that expectations regarding alcohol as a "facilitator of group interaction" and the sub-scale of "reduction of psychological tension" were the main predictors of abuse. This model explained 20% of the variance (F=19.35, p < .001). A logistic regression analysis found that the sub-scale of expectations regarding "increase of power and aggression" as well as alcohol abuse predicted problems associated with drinking. A model was subsequently designed to integrate the expectations that predicted alcohol abu se and associated problems. A structural equations model was used which found that expectations regarding "reduction of psychological tension" and alcohol as a jacilitator of group interaction predicted 30% and 24% of abuse, respectively (X2sb = 33.52, p >0.00, CFI = 0.99 and RMSEA = 0.01). The rest of the sub-scales concerning expectations were regarded as mediating varia bles to see how they interacted with each other. As one can see, although the sub-scales of expectations are inter-related, group expectations were specifically associated with the sub-scales of "increase in sexuality," "physical tension" and "increase in power and aggression." At the same time, expectations regarding "reduction of psychological tension" are closely linked to the social sphere, specifically the expectations regarding "verbal expressiveness" and "lack of inhibition." Along these same lines, alcohol abuse and the expectations regarding alcohol as an agent that increases feelings of power and aggression predicted 26% and 28% of alcohol-related problems. One of the contributions of this research is that it considered the inter-relationship of sub-scales of expectations to explain alcohol abuse. Psychological tension, for example, appears to be linked to social aspects, specifically to verbal expressiveness and lack of inhibition, while group expectations refer to sexuality, the reduction of psychological tension and the increase of aggressiveness and feelings of power. Likewise, it is interesting to note that in addition to alcohol abuse, expectations regarding an increase in power and feelings of aggression are the best predictors of problems associated with alcohol use. The results have implications at the intervention level for developing programs specifically aimed at this population. The fact that expectations regarding alcohol as a "facilitator of social interaction" is one of the main predictors of abuse indicates the importance of considering environmental factors in the development of prevention programs. This involves including not only young people but also parents, schools, and other adults in order to question the cultural norms that promote beliefs regarding alcohol consumption, as a way of enjoying social interaction with positive, pleasurable states, and as a socially appropriate response for coping with negative events that arise in everyday life, such as drinking to relieve tension, handle crises and as an escape from chronic stress, by providing information on the negative consequences of use and promoting healthier lifestyles. At the intervention level, it is essential to target university students through programs specially designed for young people who engage in high-risk drinking. As regards expectations, actions must be carried out to resignify the positive beliefs surrounding alcohol, by providing information on the high health costs of heavy drinking and offering alternative resources oriented towards other means of responding to stress that do not involve excessive alcohol consumption.

8.
Rev. invest. clín ; 52(3): 284-95, mayo-jun. 2000. ilus, tab, CD-ROM
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-292134

RESUMO

Esta revisión describe y discute los factores genéticos que al menos en parte, determinan la resistencia a la infección y que controlan el curso progresivo de la enfermedad en las personas infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Los factores genéticos podrían explicar la no progresión o la progresión lenta de la enfermedad, de una proporción de individuos infectados por VIH denominados no progresores a largo plazo. En general, este grupo permanece sin síntomas durante más de 10 años, mantiene estable sus niveles circulantes de cT CD4+ y habitualmente tiene baja carga viral. No obstante que los fenómenos de la no progresión y de la progresión rápida son aún incomprendidos, es probable que ciertos alelos de clase I y clase II del complejo principal de histocompatibilidad se asocien con un riesgo menor o mayor para desarrollar el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida...


Assuntos
HIV/patogenicidade , Imunidade Inata/genética , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/genética , Quimiocinas/farmacocinética , Genes MHC Classe I/genética
9.
Salud ment ; 21(1): 37-42, ene.-feb. 1998. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-243139

RESUMO

El Instituo Mexicano de Psiquiatría conjuntamente con la Secretaría de Educación Pública han realizado desde hace 20 años, encuestas epidemiológicas de tipo transversal con muestras representativas de estudiantes de enseñanza media y media superior. De ellas, 8 se han llevado al cabo en la Ciudad de México y su zona conurbada cada dos años aproximadamente. En este artículo se hace una comparación de los datos de las tres encuestas más recientes levantadas en esta entidad, en 1989, en 1991 y en 1993. La selección de esta tres muestras se realizó con el mismo procedimiento, tomando con base los registros de las escuelas oficiales y privadas que están incorporadas a la Secretaría de Educación Pública; de los niveles de secundaría, preparatoria y de escuelas técnicas o comerciales. El muestreo se realizó en dos etapas, en la primera se seleccionaron las escuelas, y en la segunda, los grupos que se iban a encuestar. La información se recabó con un cuestionario autoaplicado, cuyos reactivos fueron elaborados con el apoyo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud cuya confiabilidad y validez se han demostrado. Los resultados de esta comparación indican que, la proporción de estudiantes que ha probado el alcohol y el tabaco ha aumentado significativamente. Al comparar las cifras del consumo de mariguana, cocaína, inhalables y alucinógenos, se observó una tendencia al aumento en el número de estudiantes que declararon haberlas consumido en el mes anterior a las encuesta. También se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el uso de la cocaína y de los inhalables. Un número más elevado de hombres que de mujeres ha experimentado con las 4 drogas investigadas. En el mes anterior a la encuesta, hubo una tendencia a que aumentara el número de varones que habián consumido inhalables y mariguana de 1989 a 1993. La proporción más alta de mujeres está entre las que inhalaron disolventes en las tres encuestas comparadas. Un número mayor de consumidores tenían 17 años o más, advirtiéndose una tendencia a que los de mariguana, iniciaran su consumo a una menor edad. Durante estos cuatro años, se han observado que ha disminuido el número de alumnos que piensan que es " muy peligroso" ingerir drogas y que sus amigos "verían muy mal" si ellos las usaran


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Estudantes , Fumar Maconha/epidemiologia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Técnicas Sociométricas , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos
10.
Salud ment ; 20(4): 1-7, oct.-dic. 1997. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-227404

RESUMO

En el presente trabajo se analiza el nivel de estrés psicosocial percibido por los estudiantes en tres áreas de la vida potencialmente significativas en los adolescentes: 1) la familia: (prohibiciones parentales); 2) los amigos: (mi mejor amigo(a) traiciona mi confianza); y 3) la escuela: (problemas con las autoridades escolares). En este trabajo se describen algunos aspectos conceptuales relevantes al estudio del estrés psicosocial, entendido como un proceso por demás dinámico, que varía según el sexo y la etapa de la vida (Brim y Ryff, 1980) y se presenta una breve reseña del estudio del estrés como un constructo psicológico. En un principio, las definiciones consideraban al estrés como un estímulo y reconocían que los acontecimientos, como los desastres naturales, las condiciones nocivas para el organismo, etc., eran universalmente estresantes, pero no consideraban las diferencias individuales inherentes a la evaluación cognoscitiva de los acontecimiento. En las últimas décadas se reconoció que las diferencias individuales -los recursos psicológicos y sociales- inciden en la vulnerabilidad a los estresores. En este sentido, Lazarus y Folkman (1984) definieron el estrés psicosocial como: "una relación particular entre el individuo y su entorno, que es evaluado por éste como amenazante o que rebasa sus recursos y pone en peligo su bienestar" considerando a la evaluación cognoscitiva como un importante elemento del proceso del estrés psicosocial que determina por qué y hasta qué punto una relación, o una serie de éstas, resulta o no estresante entre cada persona y su entorno. Recientemente, Lazarus (1990) ha planteado que: a) el estrés es un fenómeno principalmente subjetivo; b) es mejor evaluado en las circunstancias cotidianas; y c) las mediciones de estrés deberían evaluar el contenido y las fuentes generadorras de estrés, además del grado. Asimismo, propone el análisis de los sistemas en los que interviene una gran variedad de variables que se influyen entre sí en el transcurso del tiempo y atraviesan por contextos cambiantes de adaptación. Tal es el caso de los indicadores sociodemográficos, como el sexo, la edad, el nivel socioeconómico, la escolaridad, etc., que permiten contextualizar el significado de los acontecimientos potencialmente estresantes


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Relações Pais-Filho , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Estresse Fisiológico/etiologia , Estresse Fisiológico/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Família/psicologia , Fatores Desencadeantes , Fatores Socioeconômicos
11.
Salud ment ; 19(1): 1-5, ene.-mar. 1996. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-208162

RESUMO

Estos resultados provienen de la medición que se hizo en 1993, entre los estudiantes de enseñanza media y media superior del Distrito Federal. Este estudio proporcionó datos generales de la entidad así como de la delegación. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados más relevantes sobre prevalencia del uso de drogas, las drogas más usadas, los problemas asociados con el consumo de drogas, y los subgrupos de la población más afectados. La muestra estuvo conformada por estudiantes de enseñanza media y media superior. La muestra se seleccionó con base en los registros de la Secretaría de Educación Pública, correspondientes al ciclo escolar 1993-1994, de las escuelas públicas y privadas de la ciudad. Las escuelas se seleccionaron en cada una de las 16 delegaciones políticas. El diseño de la muestra fue estratificado, bietápico y por conglomerados; la variable de estratificación fue el tipo de escuela. En la primera etapa, la unidad de selección la constituyeron las escuelas, y en la segunda etapa, el grupo escolar al interior de éstas. Participaron en la muestra 10,879 estudiantes. Los resultados de esta medición indican que el consumo de tabaco y alcohol son los problemas más importantes. Casi la mitad de los estudiantes ha fumado tabaco alguna vez (48 por ciento), presentándose índices ligeramente superiores entre los hombres (1.3 hombres por cada mujer); así como un incremento paulatino conforme aumenta la edad. En cuanto al uso de alcohol, casi tres cuartas partes de los estudiantes (74 por ciento) ha consumido bebidas alcohólicas alguna vez en su vida; el 65 por ciento las consumió en el último año y cerca del 25 por ciento lo hizo durante el mes anterior al estudio. Por lo que se refiere al consumo de otras drogas, los resultados señalan que los estudiantes han experimentado más frecuentemente con solventes inhalables (4.82 por ciento); la segunda droga más usada es la mariguana (3.58 por ciento), y en tercer lugar, la cocaína (1.66 por ciento). Cuando se considera únicamente el consumo en el último mes, la mariguana ocupa el primer lugar (1.17 por ciento), seguida por los inhalables (1.05 por ciento). Se observan diferencias importantes en las delegaciones, destacando Cuauhtémoc y Coyoacán por sus mayores índices de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, mariguana y cocaína; Atzcapotzalco, por sus índices superiores en el uso de inhalables, "crack", mariguana y alcohol; la Benito Juárez, de tabaco, alcohol y "crack"; Iztacalco, de casos activos de...


Assuntos
Estudantes/psicologia , Nicotiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Psicologia do Adolescente/educação , Psicotrópicos/farmacologia
12.
Salud ment ; 18(4): 25-32, dic. 1995. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-164567

RESUMO

En este trabajo se analiza la ideación suicida en los jóvenes que recurren al uso de drogas, y se describe la relación que existe entre el estado mental y el tipo de sustancia que usan. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Uso de Drogas en la Comunidad Escolar, realizada por el Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría y la Secretaría de Educación Pública en estudiantes de enseñanza media y media superior. Para este análisis se tomó únicamente la muestra del Distrito Federal (n= 3,459 estudiantes). La ideación suicida es un síntoma frecuente e inespecífico que refleja el nivel de conflicto interno, se asocia con desesperanza y pobre autoestima, con el intento de suicidio, la depresión y el abuso de sustancias. Se evaluó con una escala de cuatro reactivos que forman parte de la versión de la Cédula de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos CESD, en su versión para adolescentes, probada previamente en estudiantes mexicanos con resultados satisfactorios. Una proporción importante (47 por ciento) de estudiantes, presentó por lo menos un síntoma de ideación suicida en el año anterior al estudio, 17 por ciento reportó haber pensado en quitarse la vida, y 10 por ciento respondió afirmativamente a los cuatro reactivos. Estos síntomas se presentan en una proporción ligeramente mayor de mujeres, con pocas variaciones por grupos de edad antre los 13 y los 19 años. El consumo de alcohol y de drogas constituyen importantes factores de riesgo para que se presente la ideación suicida. Esta última se presenta con más frecuencia entre los estudiantes que toman drogas de uso médico, sin importar si se trata de estimulantes o de depresores. Entre los usuarios de alucinógenos es menos frecuente entre los que consumen cocaína


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudantes/psicologia , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Tentativa de Suicídio/tendências , Saúde Mental , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Coleta de Dados
13.
Salud ment ; 18(3): 22-7, sept. 1995. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-161942

RESUMO

La encuesta Nacional Sobre el Uso de Drogas en la Comunidad Escolar, es la tercera investigación a nivel nacional realizada en 1991, por el Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría y la Secretaría de Educación Pública entre estudiantes de enseñanza media y media superior, sus objetivos fueron: brindar un panorama actualizado de esta población sobre la prevalencia de consumo, las drogas más usadas, los problemas asociados al uso de ellas, y los subgrupos más afectados. Se seleccionaron muestras representativas de cada una de las 32 entidades de la República, con base en los registros de la Secretaría de Educación Pública de alumnos que acuden a escuelas reconocidas oficialmente, de áreas urbanas y rurales del país, obteniéndose una muestra de 61,779 alumno. En este artículo se presentarán resultados sobre la droga más consumida por los estudiantes (que es el alcohol), así como algunas variables relacionada a su uso, comparando las cifras de las entidades que tienen un número mayor de consumidores con las del promedio nacional. Entre los resultados más sobresalientes tenemos que las entidades que tienen cifras estadísticamente significativas (mayores a la nacional) de usuarios de bebidas alcoholicas son: Baja California, Chihuahua, Jalisco, y el Distrito Federal. Los estados con porcentajes más bajos estadísticamente significativos con relación al nacional son: Oaxaca, Tabasco, Puebla y Guerrero principalmente. Los porcentajes de estudiantes que bebieron en el año anterior a la encuesta, son superiores a los porcentajes de consumidores de tabaco y especialmente al número de los que han consumido drogas como mariguana, anfetaminas, inhalables o tranquilizantes. En las entidades que reportaron las cifras más elevadas, entre el 14 por ciento y el 1.7 por ciento bebió más de 10 ocasiones en el mes anterior a la encuesta, los varones beben más frecuentemente en Baja California y Chihuahua. De 6 a 7 hombres de cada 100 toman 5 o más copas de cualquier bebida en una sola ocación, una o dos veces a la semana, en contraste con 1 ó 2 mujeres. Con respecto a la edad, un porcentaje más elevado de los que tienen 16 años o más, bebe, al compararlos con los menores de esta edad. Asimismo, entre mayores son los estudiantes es más elevado el número de los que consumen 5 o más copas o se embriagan. Alrededor de la mitad de los estudiantes mencionaron tener amigos que toman alcohol y más de una tercera parte de ellos se embriagan una vez por semana. Las mujeres perciben como más arriesgado beber alcohol que los hombres. Se les cuestionó acerca de 4 problemas relacionados con el comsumo de bebidas alcohólicas y el que mencionaron más alto (20 por ciento) fue "el deseo de beber menos", siguiéndole en importancia "el haber consultado a un doctor, a un orientador o haber estado hospitalizado por beber"


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia
14.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 131(4): 383-93, jul.-ago. 1995. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-174070

RESUMO

El artículo describe los resultados de una encuesta sobre uso de drogas en población estudiantil de enseñanza media y media superior del Distrito Federal. El análisis efectuado sugirió que el ser hombre y cursar la preparatoria eran factores importantes que diferenciaron a los usuarios de los no usuarios; estas dos variables junto con tener mayor edad, diferenciaron a los estudiantes que habían usado mas de una sustancia de aquellos que usaron solo una, sin embargo, no tuvieron influencia en la desición de solamente exprerimentar e interrumpir el uso o continuar usando sustancia. Variables significativas fueron también el percibir fácil acceso, el tener amigos, conocidos o familiares que usaran sustancias, la aprobación de los padres y la baja percepción de riesgo. Los estados de ánimo displacentero diferenciaron solamente a usuarios y no usuarios, no así la ideación suicida que se incrementa con el uso. El recibir información sobre el uso de drogas de los amigos influyó en la desición de experimentar y de usar más de una sustancia; finalmente, los patrones más severos estuvieron asociados con la percepción de que no existen consecuencias para la intoxicación dentro de la escuela


Assuntos
Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Antropologia Cultural , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , México , Fatores de Risco , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle
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